Article structure

When writing up your manuscript, you would generally need to follow a standard structure which allows readers to easily find the information they are looking for. The journal follows the IMRaD structure which is widely used in academic and scientific writing to provide a logical flow of the content. It allows readers to quickly locate the specific information they need and supports clarity, consistency, and ease of comprehension. IMRaD stands for:

I: Introduction

M: Methods

R: Results

a: and

D: Discussion & Conclusion

The IMRaD structure

Introduction

Aim of the introduction is to provide background information and state the research problem or question.

• What to include:
  • Context and relevance of the study.
  • Review of existing literature (brief).
  • Research gap or problem statement.
  • Objectives or hypotheses of the study.

Methods

Aim to explain how the study was conducted so it can be replicated.

• What to include:
  • Study design and approach.
  • Materials, tools, and technologies used.
  • Data collection and analysis procedures.
  • Ethical considerations.

Results

Purpose of this section is to present the findings of the research without interpretation.

• What to include:
  • Data in text, tables, and/or figures.
  • Statistical analysis and significance.
  • Report only factual observations — no discussion here.

Discussion & Conclusion

• Purpose: To interpret the results, relate them to existing research, and conclude the study.
• What to include:
  • Interpretation and implications of the findings.
  • Comparison with previous studies.
  • Strengths, limitations, and potential biases.
  • Future research directions.
  • Concluding summary.

Additional Elements

• Title: A concise, descriptive title that clearly reflects the study’s content. Usually written last.
• Abstract: A summary of the entire paper (usually 150–250 words) covering objectives, methods, key results, and main conclusions.
• Keywords: Up to six searchable keywords that reflect the article’s main topics, improving discoverability online.